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Simplify (−2 − j)^4.
Using the result of Example 2.3, and following Equation 2.8, we have
z^n \overset{\text{polar form}}{=} [re^{j\theta }]^n = r^n e^{jn\theta} \overset{\text{Euler’s formula}}{=} r^n (\cos n\theta + j \sin n\theta )
\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \overset{\text{Rectangular form}}{=} r^n (\cos n\theta + jr^n \sin n\theta )
(-2-j)^4 =(\sqrt{5} e^{-2.6780 j})^4=25e^{-10.7120 j}=-7+24 j