Question F.10: A relay’s contacts or a transistor’s collector–emitter can b......

When the R_{1} coil energizes, the R1 contacts close, shorting the 2-kΩ resistor and making V_{\mathrm{out}}= 0\;V. When the coil is deenergized, the contacts are open, and V_{\mathrm{out}} is found using the voltage-divider equation.

V_{\mathrm{out}} =12\,\mathrm{V}\times\frac{2\,\mathrm{k}\,\Omega}{2\,\mathrm{k}\,\Omega\,+\,4\,\mathrm{k}\,\Omega}

= 4 V

The clock oscillator (C_{p}) and V_{\mathrm{out}} waveforms are given in Figure F–10(b).