A short circuit occurs when an electrical conductor is purposely or inadvertently placed across a circuit component. The short causes the current to bypass the shorted component. Calculate V_{\mathrm{out}} in Figure F–5.
V_{\mathrm{out}} is connected directly to ground; therefore, V_{\mathrm{out}} = 0 V. All of the 12-V supply is dropped across the 4-kΩ resistor.