Question 12.11: Consider the state-transition diagram of Figure 12.12, which......

Consider the state-transition diagram of Figure 12.12, which is a modified version of Figure 12.11. Here, the transition is now from state 2 to state 4 instead of from state 4 to state 2.For this case, states 1, 2,and 3 are now transient states because when the process enters state 2 and makes a transitionto state 4, it does not return to these states again. Also, state 4 is a trapping (or absorbing) state because once the process enters the state, the process never leaves the state. As stated in the definition, we identify a trapping state fromthe fact that, as in this example, p_{44}=1 and p_{4k}=0 for k not equal to 4.