Question 18.6: Figure 16 shows a practical integrator using a feedback resi...
Figure 16 shows a practical integrator using a feedback resistor to prevent the op-amp from saturating due to small imbalances in the capacitor charging and discharging current. The feedback resistor has only a small effect on the circuit and is selected to have about 7% of the charging current, so its effect on the general circuit operation is negligible. However, the feedback resistor will force the output to be centered about the zero line after several cycles.
(a) Calculate the rate of change of the output voltage during the time the capacitor is charging.
(b) Calculate the total change in voltage.
(c) Describe the output and draw the waveform (centered about 0 V).
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