Air at 20°C is flowing through the pipe shown in Fig. S11.1, resulting in pressure gage readings of 70.2kPa at A and 71.1kPa at B. Atmospheric pressure is 684mmHg. (a) Find the air velocity u. (b) What is the largest pressure difference (kPa) between the two gages for which compressibility effects can be safely neglected?
Table A.5 for air: R=287 m2/(s2⋅K)
(a) pabs=pat+pgage=101.32(684/760)+70.2=161.4kPa
Eq. (2.5): γ=RTgp=287(273+20)9.81(161.4)=0.01883kN/m3
Eq. (11.6): u=2(9.81)(0.0188371.1−70.2)=30.6 m/s
(b) Sec. 11.3, footnote 3: We need M<0.1
Sec. 5.4: M=V/c; at 20∘C,c=345 m/s [or use Eq. (13.15)].
So we need V<0.1c=umax=34.5 m/s
From Eq. (11.5): Δp=p0−p=γ2gu2
So Δpmax=2gγ(umax)2=2(9.81)0.01883(34.5)2=1.142kPa
Note: This Δpmax compares with the observed Δp of 71.1−70.2=0.9kPa. Therefore it was safe to neglect compressibility effects in part (a).
γ=RTgp (2.5)
u=Cui=C2g(γp0−γp) (11.6)
c=kRT=ρkp (13.15)
hL1−2=(Cv21−1)2gV22 (11.15)
TABLE A.5 Physical properties of common gases at standard sea-level atmospheric pressure a . | ||||||||
Gas | Chemical formula | Molar mass , M | Density ρ , | Absolute viscosity, b | Gas constant, R | Specific heat, cpcv | Specific heat ratio,k=cp/cv | |
at 68∘F | – | slug/ slug-mol | slug/ft 3 | 10−6lb⋅sec2ft2 | ft⋅lb/( slug ⋅∘R)=ft2/(sec2⋅∘R) | ft⋅lb/( slug ⋅∘R)=ft2/(sec2⋅∘R) | – | |
Air carbon | 28.96 | 0.00231 | 0.376 | 1,715 | 6,000 | 4,285 | 1.40 | |
dioxide carbon | CO2 | 44.01 | 0.00354 | 0.310 | 1,123 | 5,132 | 4,009 | 1.28 |
quad monoxide | CO | 28.01 | 0.00226 | 0.380 | 1,778 | 6,218 | 4,440 | 1.40 |
Helium | He | 4.003 | 0.000323 | 0.411 | 12,420 | 31,230 | 18,810 | 1.66 |
Hydrogen | H2 | 2.016 | 0.000162 | 0.189 | 24,680 | 86,390 | 61,710 | 1.40 |
Methane | CH4 | 16.04 | 0.00129 | 0.280 | 3,100 | 13,400 | 10,300 | 1.30 |
Nitrogen | N2 | 28.02 | 0.00226 | 0.368 | 1,773 | 6,210 | 4,437 | 1.40 |
Oxygen | O2 | 32.00 | 0.00258 | 0.418 | 1,554 | 5,437 | 3,883 | 1.40 |
Water vapor | H2O | 18.02 | 0.00145 | 0.212 | 2,760 | 11,110 | 8,350 | 1.33 |
at 20∘C | – | kg / kg-mol | kg/m3 | 10−6 N⋅s/m2 | N⋅m/(kg⋅K)=m2/(s2⋅K) | N⋅m/(kg⋅K)=m2/(s2⋅K) | – | |
Air carbon | 28.96 | 1.205 | 18.0 | 287 | 1003 | 716 | 1.40 | |
dioxide carbon | CO2 | 44.01 | 1.84 | 14.8 | 188 | 858 | 670 | 1.28 |
quad monoxide | CO | 28.01 | 1.16 | 18.2 | 297 | 1040 | 743 | 1.40 |
Helium | He | 4.003 | 0.166 | 19.7 | 2077 | 5220 | 3143 | 1.66 |
Hydrogen | H2 | 2.016 | 0.0839 | 9.0 | 4120 | 14450 | 10330 | 1.40 |
Methane | CH4 | 16.04 | 0.668 | 13.4 | 520 | 2250 | 1730 | 1.30 |
Nitrogen | N2 | 28.02 | 1.16 | 17.6 | 297 | 1040 | 743 | 1.40 |
Oxygen | O2 | 32.00 | 1.33 | 20.0 | 260 | 909 | 649 | 1.40 |
Water vapor | H2O | 18.02 | 0.747 | 10.1 | 462 | 1862 | 1400 | 1.33 |